STAINLESS STEEL PIPES 316L pipe

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Comparison of standardized steels

EN-standard Steel no. k.h.s DIN	EN-standard Steel name	SAE grade	UNS
1.4109	X65CrMo14	440A	S44002
1.4112	X90CrMoV18	440B	S44003
1.4125	X105CrMo17	440C	S44004
		440F	S44020
1.4016	X6Cr17	430	S43000
1.4408	G-X 6 CrNiMo 18-10	316
1.4512	X6CrTi12	409	S40900
		410	S41000
1.4310	X10CrNi18-8	301	S30100
1.4318	X2CrNiN18-7	301LN
1.4307	X2CrNi18-9	304L	S30403
1.4306	X2CrNi19-11	304L	S30403
1.4311	X2CrNiN18-10	304LN	S30453
1.4301	X5CrNi18-10	304	S30400
1.4948	X6CrNi18-11	304H	S30409
1.4303	X5CrNi18-12	305	S30500
	X5CrNi30-9	312
1.4541	X6CrNiTi18-10	321	S32100
1.4878	X12CrNiTi18-9	321H	S32109
1.4404	X2CrNiMo17-12-2	316L	S31603
1.4401	X5CrNiMo17-12-2	316	S31600
1.4406	X2CrNiMoN17-12-2	316LN	S31653
1.4432	X2CrNiMo17-12-3	316L	S31603
1.4435	X2CrNiMo18-14-3	316L	S31603
1.4436	X3CrNiMo17-13-3	316	S31600
1.4571	X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2	316Ti	S31635
1.4429	X2CrNiMoN17-13-3	316LN	S31653
1.4438	X2CrNiMo18-15-4	317L	S31703
1.4362	X2CrNi23-4	2304	S32304
1.4462	X2CrNiMoN22-5-3	2205	S31803/S32205
1.4539	X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5	904L	N08904
1.4529	X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7		N08926
1.4547	X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7	254SMO	S31254

Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which fifteen are most commonly used. The alloy is milled into coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire, and tubing to be used in cookware, cutlery, household hardware, surgical instruments, major appliances, industrial equipment (for example, in sugar refineries) and as an automotive and aerospace structural alloy and construction material in large buildings. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are often made of stainless steel, because of its corrosion resistance. This also influences its use in commercial kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-cleaned and sterilized and does not need paint or other surface finishes.

Stainless steel is used for jewelry and watches with 316L being the type commonly used for such applications. It can be re-finished by any jeweler and will not oxidize or turn black.

Some firearms incorporate stainless steel components as an alternative to blued or parkerized steel. Some handgun models, such as the Smith & Wesson Model 60 and the Colt M1911 pistol, can be made entirely from stainless steel. This gives a high-luster finish similar in appearance to nickel plating. Unlike plating, the finish is not subject to flaking, peeling, wear-off from rubbing (as when repeatedly removed from a holster), or rust when scratched.

Architecture[edit]

Main article: Architectural steel

Stainless steel is used for buildings for both practical and aesthetic reasons. Stainless steel was in vogue during the art deco period. The most famous example of this is the upper portion of the Chrysler Building (pictured). Some diners and fast-food restaurants use large ornamental panels and stainless fixtures and furniture. Because of the durability of the material, many of these buildings retain their original appearance.

Type 316 stainless is used on the exterior of both the Petronas Twin Towers and the Jin Mao Building, two of the world's tallest skyscrapers.^[17]

The Parliament House of Australia in Canberra has a stainless steel flagpole weighing over 220 tonnes (240 short tons).

The aeration building in the Edmonton Composting Facility, the size of 14 hockey rinks, is the largest stainless steel building in North America.

Bridges[edit]

Cala Galdana Bridge in Minorca (Spain) was the first stainless steel road bridge.
Sant Fruitos Pedestrian Bridge (Catalonia, Spain), arch pedestrian bridge.
Padre Arrupe Bridge (Bilbao, Spain) links the Guggenheim museum to the University of Deusto.^[18]

Monuments and sculptures[edit]

The Unisphere, constructed as the theme symbol of the 1964-5 World's Fair in New York City, is constructed of Type 304L stainless steel as a sphere with a diameter of 120 feet, or 36.57 meters.
The Gateway Arch (pictured) is clad entirely in stainless steel: 886 tons (804 metric tonnes) of 0.25 in (6.4 mm) plate, #3 finish, type 304 stainless steel.^[19]
The United States Air Force Memorial has an austenitic stainless steel structural skin.
The Atomium in Brussels, Belgium was renovated with stainless-steel cladding in a renovation completed in 2006; previously the spheres and tubes of the structure were clad in aluminium.
The Cloud Gate sculpture by Anish Kapoor, in Chicago US.
The Sibelius monument in Helsinki, Finland, is made entirely of stainless steel tubes.
The Man of Steel (sculpture) under construction in Rotherham, England.

Other[edit]

Automotive bodies

The Allegheny Ludlum Corporation worked with Ford on various concept cars with stainless steel bodies from the 1930s through the 1970s, as demonstrations of the material's potential. The 1957 and 1958 Cadillac Eldorado Brougham had a stainless steel roof. In 1981 and 1982, the DeLorean DMC-12 production automobile used stainless steel body panels over a glass-reinforced plastic monocoque. Intercity buses made by Motor Coach Industries are partially made of stainless steel. The aft body panel of the Porsche Cayman model (2-door coupe hatchback) is made of stainless steel. It was discovered during early body prototyping that conventional steel could not be formed without cracking (due to the many curves and angles in that automobile). Thus, Porsche was forced to use stainless steel on the Cayman.

Passenger rail cars

Rail cars have commonly been manufactured using corrugated stainless steel panels (for additional structural strength). This was particularly popular during the 1960s and 1970s, but has since declined. One notable example was the early Pioneer Zephyr. Notable former manufacturers of stainless steel rolling stock included the Budd Company (USA), which has been licensed to Japan's Tokyu Car Corporation, and the Portuguese company Sorefame. Many railcars in the United States are still manufactured with stainless steel, unlike other countries who have shifted away.

Aircraft

Budd also built an airplane, the Budd BB-1 Pioneer, of stainless steel tube and sheet, which is on display at the Franklin Institute.

The American Fleetwings Sea Bird amphibious aircraft of 1936 was also built using a spot-welded stainless steel hull.

The Bristol Aeroplane Company built the all-stainless steel Bristol 188 high-speed research aircraft, which first flew in 1963.

The use of stainless steel in mainstream aircraft is hindered by its excessive weight compared to other materials, such as aluminum.

Jewelry

Valadium, a stainless steel and 12% nickel alloy is used to make class and military rings. Valadium is usually silver-toned, but can be electro-charged to give it a gold tone. The gold tone variety is known as Sun-lite Valadium

Q: Can stainless steel pipes be used for steam piping?: Indeed, steam piping can utilize stainless steel pipes. Renowned for its exceptional resistance to corrosion, stainless steel proves to be a superb option for steam-related purposes. In order to endure elevated temperatures and pressure, steam piping necessitates materials capable of withstanding such conditions, a criterion that stainless steel effortlessly meets. Furthermore, stainless steel pipes boast commendable thermal conductivity, ensuring the efficient transfer of heat within steam systems. Nevertheless, it is crucial to carefully deliberate the specific grade of stainless steel and its compatibility with steam applications, as certain grades may prove more suitable than others based on the system's conditions and requirements.

Q: How do you connect stainless steel pipes?: To connect stainless steel pipes, there are several methods available depending on the specific requirements and applications. The most common methods include welding, threaded connections, compression fittings, and flanges. 1. Welding: Welding is the most reliable and commonly used method for connecting stainless steel pipes. It involves melting the edges of the pipes and fusing them together using a welding electrode. This creates a strong and durable joint. Different welding techniques like TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) or MIG (Metal Inert Gas) welding can be used depending on the thickness and diameter of the pipes. 2. Threaded Connections: Threaded connections involve screwing together male and female threaded ends of the pipes using pipe thread sealant or Teflon tape. This method is suitable for smaller diameter pipes and low-pressure applications. It provides a secure connection but may not be as strong as welding. 3. Compression Fittings: Compression fittings are used when frequent disassembly is required. These fittings consist of a nut and ferrule that compresses onto the pipe when tightened. They create a tight seal and are commonly used for connecting stainless steel pipes in plumbing or gas distribution systems. 4. Flanges: Flanges are used to connect larger diameter stainless steel pipes or pipes that need to be easily assembled or disassembled. Flanges consist of two mating pieces with a gasket in between. They are bolted together, providing a strong and leak-proof connection. Flanges are commonly used in industrial applications, such as oil and gas, chemical processing, and water treatment plants. It is important to consider the specific requirements, such as pressure, temperature, and the intended application, when choosing the appropriate method to connect stainless steel pipes. Consulting with a professional or following specific guidelines and standards is recommended to ensure a safe and reliable connection.

Q: What are the common shapes of stainless steel pipes?: Stainless steel pipes come in various shapes that are widely utilized across different industries. These shapes comprise of round pipes, square pipes, rectangular pipes, and oval pipes. Round pipes rank among the most prevalent shapes and find extensive use in diverse applications. They are primarily employed for fluid and gas transportation, as well as the conveyance of other materials. Furthermore, round pipes are well-suited for structural purposes like handrails, scaffolding, and support beams. Square pipes possess a square cross-section and are commonly employed in construction projects, architectural designs, and furniture manufacturing. They offer a sleek and contemporary appearance, often utilized for framing structures, manufacturing shelves, and creating decorative elements. Rectangular pipes possess a rectangular cross-section and are frequently utilized in the construction, engineering, and manufacturing industries. They are often employed in building frameworks, manufacturing gates, fences, and various structural components. Oval pipes possess an elliptical or oval shape and are used in applications where aesthetics play a significant role. They are a popular choice in architectural designs, the automotive industry, and decorative applications. In conclusion, the selection of stainless steel pipe shape depends on the specific requirements of the application and desired aesthetics. Each shape offers distinct advantages and is chosen based on factors such as strength, durability, ease of fabrication, and overall design requirements.

Q: Can stainless steel pipes be bent or shaped easily?: Stainless steel pipes can be bent or shaped, but the ease of bending or shaping depends on various factors such as the thickness, diameter, and grade of the stainless steel. Generally, stainless steel pipes have a higher resistance to bending compared to other materials like copper or aluminum. However, with the use of specialized tools and techniques such as pipe benders or hydraulic presses, stainless steel pipes can be bent or shaped to desired angles or curves. It is important to note that excessive bending or shaping may cause the stainless steel pipe to weaken or distort, so it is crucial to follow proper procedures and guidelines to ensure the structural integrity of the pipe is maintained.

Q: What is the difference between a pipe and a tube in stainless steel applications?: When it comes to stainless steel applications, the primary contrast between a pipe and a tube lies in their structural composition and intended use. A pipe is typically identified by its inner diameter (ID) and wall thickness, and its main purpose is to transport fluids or gases. It has a round shape and is commonly employed in industries such as oil and gas, chemical processing, and plumbing. Pipes can be manufactured using different methods, including seamless or welded processes. On the other hand, a tube is distinguished by its outer diameter (OD) and wall thickness, and it is commonly used for structural or mechanical purposes. Tubes can have various shapes, including round, rectangular, or square, and they are frequently utilized in industries such as construction, automotive, and aerospace. Tubes can also be produced through seamless or welded methods. Regarding manufacturing, pipes generally undergo stricter tolerances and quality control measures due to their transportation function, while tubes may have less stringent requirements as they are primarily used for structural applications. Additionally, pipes are commonly measured and sold by their nominal sizes, whereas tubes are typically specified by their actual dimensions. Both pipes and tubes can be made from stainless steel, which provides excellent corrosion resistance and durability. Stainless steel is a versatile material that is suitable for a wide range of applications, including those requiring high temperatures or exposure to harsh environments. In summary, the main difference between a pipe and a tube in stainless steel applications is their intended purpose and structural characteristics. Pipes are designed for fluid or gas transportation, while tubes are utilized for structural or mechanical applications.

Q: Are stainless steel pipes resistant to scaling?: Indeed, scaling is effectively resisted by stainless steel pipes. This term denotes the development of a solid, substantial coating of mineral deposits on the internal surface of pipes, leading to diminished efficiency and restricted fluid flow. Stainless steel pipes possess remarkable resistance to scaling, thanks to their composition that usually incorporates chromium. The inclusion of chromium initiates the creation of a safeguarding oxide layer on the pipe's surface, which hinders scale formation and guarantees enduring durability. Moreover, stainless steel pipes exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance, rendering them highly suitable for various applications prone to scaling.

Q: Are stainless steel pipes suitable for power generation facilities?: Stainless steel pipes are a perfect fit for power generation facilities due to their durability and resistance to corrosion. This material is highly reliable and can withstand extreme temperatures, pressure, and corrosive environments commonly found in power plants, including thermal, nuclear, and renewable energy generation plants. Moreover, stainless steel possesses exceptional heat resistance, making it an excellent choice for transporting hot gases or fluids in power generation systems. By resisting corrosion and maintaining their structural integrity over time, stainless steel pipes guarantee the dependability and longevity of power generation facilities.

Q: Can stainless steel pipes be used for pharmaceutical applications?: Yes, stainless steel pipes can be used for pharmaceutical applications. Stainless steel is a common material of choice in the pharmaceutical industry due to its excellent corrosion resistance, durability, and hygienic properties. It is resistant to chemicals and can withstand high temperatures and pressure, making it suitable for various pharmaceutical processes such as fluid transportation, product transfer, and storage. Stainless steel pipes are easy to clean and maintain, which is essential in pharmaceutical applications where cleanliness and sterility are crucial. They have a smooth surface that prevents the accumulation of bacteria, ensuring the integrity of the pharmaceutical products. Additionally, stainless steel is non-reactive, meaning it will not contaminate the pharmaceutical products being transported through the pipes. Furthermore, stainless steel pipes can be manufactured to meet specific requirements, such as precise dimensions, high purity, and various finishes. This versatility allows for customization and adaptation to specific pharmaceutical processes and regulations. In summary, stainless steel pipes are suitable for pharmaceutical applications due to their corrosion resistance, durability, hygienic properties, ease of cleaning, and ability to meet specific requirements. They contribute to maintaining the quality and integrity of pharmaceutical products throughout the manufacturing process.

Q: How do you calculate the weight of a stainless steel pipe?: In order to determine the weight of a stainless steel pipe, it is necessary to have knowledge of its dimensions and the density of stainless steel. To begin with, the outer diameter (OD) and wall thickness (WT) of the pipe should be measured. To obtain precise measurements, employ a caliper or ruler. Following that, the inner diameter (ID) can be calculated by subtracting twice the wall thickness from the outer diameter. The formula for determining the ID is: ID = OD - 2 * WT. Subsequently, employ the formula A = π * ((OD/2)^2 - (ID/2)^2), where π is approximately 3.14159, to calculate the cross-sectional area (A) of the pipe. Next, locate the density of stainless steel. While the density may slightly differ depending on the specific grade of stainless steel, the average value is approximately 7.9 grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) or 7900 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³). Lastly, multiply the cross-sectional area (A) by the length of the pipe (L) and the density (D) to determine the weight. The formula for calculating the weight (W) is: W = A * L * D. Ensure that consistent units are used throughout the calculations. For instance, if the length is measured in meters, the weight will be expressed in kilograms. If the length is measured in inches, the weight will be expressed in pounds.

Q: What kind of stainless steel square tube is used in ordinary square tubes?: In the industry of stainless steel tube is mainly used to do some pipelines, of course in the construction industry and its use is more widely used, such as shutters, staircase handrails, railings, road partition and so on, at present, many products are used in stainless steel pipe, such as bicycles, medical equipment, automobile and so on.

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